Chapter 1 - Overview
Summary of Chapters 2
Definition of Solenoid 3
Chapter 2 - Basic Electrical Terms
Amps Defined 6
Volts Defined 6
Ohms Defined 7
Watts Defined 7
Analogy between Hydraulic and Electric 8
Ohms Law 9
Formula Wheel 9
Basic Electrical Symbols 12
Resistors in Parallel and Series 14
Alternating and Direct Current 16
Rectifiers 17
Pulsating DC 19
Summary 20
Review Questions 21
Chapter 3 - Basic Magnetic Terms
Magnetic Fields 24
Strength of Magnetic Fields 26
Magnetic Field of Solenoid 27
Magnetic Flux 28
Magneto-motive Force 29
Induced Current 29
Magnetic Induction 31
Paramagnetic Materials 32
Ferromagnetism 32
Saturation 34
Magnetic Hysteresis 34
Review of Concepts 36
Summary 37
Review Questions 38
Chapter 4 - Electromagnetic Actuator Basics
Electromagnetic Actuator 40
Actuator Components 41
Armature Shapes 43
Parameters which affect Solenoid Force 49
Summary 52
Review Questions 53
Chapter 5 - Standard Coil Construction
HydraForce Coil Construction 56
Coil Materials 57
Magnet Wire and Water 58
Magnet Wire and Nominal Voltage 59
Frame 60
Winding Methods 65
Terminations 67
Molding Processes 70
Parameters Defined 73
Summary 74
Review Questions 75
Chapter 6 - Waterproof Construction
Waterproof Coil Construction 78
Future 08 & 10 Size Coils 82
Summary 83
Review Questions 84
Chapter 7 - Valve Construction
Valve Types 86
Actuator Types 88
Wet Armature 88
Tube Subassembly 88
Plunger 91
Cage 92
Spring 93
Spool 94
Poppet 95
Pilot Pin 96
Summary 97
Review Questions 98
Chapter 8 - Valve Design
Summation of Forces 100
Spool Valve Design 100
Actuator Force 102
Spring Force 103
Bernoulli (flow) Force 105
Friction Forces 109
Summary of Forces 111
Spool Valve Operation 112
Poppet Valve 113
Pressure Forces Acting on a Poppet 114
Pilot Operated Poppet Valve Operation 116
Valve Response Time 116
Conical vs Flat Face 122
Push vs Pull 122
Pull-in 123
Drop-Out 123
Summary 124
Review Questions 125
Chapter 9 - Types of HydraForce Solenoid Valves
Model Coding 128
Options 141
Summary 147
Review Questions 148
Chapter 10 - Installation Considerations/Troubleshooting
Cartridge Valve Installation 150
Troubleshooting 155
Electrical Considerations 160
Temperature and Pull-In Current 164
Grounding 165
Cartridge Fluid Compatibility 166
Fluid Resistance 166
EMI/RFI Issues 167
Summary 168
Review Questions 169
Appendix A - Quiz Answers A171
Appendix B - Hydraulic Symbols B181
Index
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